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Japan’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor’s in January. The rating agency lowered Japan to “AA-,” citing Tokyo’s lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with its soaring debt, which now stands at 200% of GDP. For perspective consider that the American federal debt, which is high enough to prompt a government-paralyzing standoff between Congress and the White House, is less than half of that percentage. Yes, Japan owes a lot of money, and the bond ratings agencies are finally starting to question whether it will be repaid.

20 Oct

Giant sauropod dinosaurs like this Camarasaurus and its cousin the Diplodocus

Published by anil reddy

Giant sauropod dinosaurs like this Camarasaurus and its cousin the Diplodocus had to stuff their faces just to survive. Species often coexisted in the same area and compared with their bodies, their heads are tiny, so it has been a bit of a mystery how they could eat enough food to support their huge bodies, which stretched to 26 metres long in the case of the biggest ever, DreadnoughtusMovie Camera. Now David Button and his colleagues at the University of Bristol, UK, have discovered what these mega-dinos had for dinner by digitally reconstructing their skulls and muscles – on the basis of traces left on the bones where they were attached in life. In the image above, the various bones of a Camarasaurus skull are shown in different colours, and the image below shows the layers of muscle. The results not only reveal what was on the menu, but how the huge vegetarians managed to live side by side with only limited resources. In places such as the Morrison Formation in central North America, more than 10 similar species have been found living in the same area. Camarasaurus and Diplodocus survived by focusing on different sections of the salad bar, says Button. "Camarasaurus had a robust skull and strong bite, which would have allowed it to feed on tough leaves and branches. Meanwhile, the weaker bite and more delicate skull of Diplodocus would have restricted it to softer foods like ferns," he says. This specialisation may have helped the sauropods gather enough food to survive – despite not even being able to chew.

Giant sauropod dinosaurs like this Camarasaurus and its cousin the Diplodocus had to stuff their faces just to survive. Species often coexisted in the same area and compared with their bodies, their heads are tiny, so it has been a bit of a mystery how they could eat enough food to support their huge bodies, which stretched to 26 metres long in the case of the biggest ever, DreadnoughtusMovie Camera. Now David Button and his colleagues at the University of Bristol, UK, have discovered what these mega-dinos had for dinner by digitally reconstructing their skulls and muscles – on the basis of traces left on the bones where they were attached in life. In the image above, the various bones of a Camarasaurus skull are shown in different colours, and the image below shows the layers of muscle. The results not only reveal what was on the menu, but how the huge vegetarians managed to live side by side with only limited resources. In places such as the Morrison Formation in central North America, more than 10 similar species have been found living in the same area. Camarasaurus and Diplodocus survived by focusing on different sections of the salad bar, says Button. "Camarasaurus had a robust skull and strong bite, which would have allowed it to feed on tough leaves and branches. Meanwhile, the weaker bite and more delicate skull of Diplodocus would have restricted it to softer foods like ferns," he says. This specialisation may have helped the sauropods gather enough food to survive – despite not even being able to chew.

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11/15/2016 20:20
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11/15/2016 20:20
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Japan’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor’s in January. The rating agency lowered Japan to “AA-,” citing Tokyo’s lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with its soaring debt, which now stands at 200% of GDP. For perspective consider that the American federal debt, which is high enough to prompt a government-paralyzing standoff between Congress and the White House, is less than half of that percentage. Yes, Japan owes a lot of money, and the bond ratings agencies are finally starting to question whether it will be repaid.