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Japan’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor’s in January. The rating agency lowered Japan to “AA-,” citing Tokyo’s lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with its soaring debt, which now stands at 200% of GDP. For perspective consider that the American federal debt, which is high enough to prompt a government-paralyzing standoff between Congress and the White House, is less than half of that percentage. Yes, Japan owes a lot of money, and the bond ratings agencies are finally starting to question whether it will be repaid.

20 Oct

Zoologger: Shy lemurs communicate using toilet trees Zoologger is our weekly

Published by anil reddy

Zoologger: Shy lemurs communicate using toilet trees

Zoologger is our weekly column highlighting extraordinary animals – and occasionally other organisms – from around the world

Species: White-footed sportive lemur (Lepilemur leucopus)
Habitat: The forest canopies of southern Madagascar

It might be bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, but the white-footed sportive lemur waits until night is approaching before it creeps down from the forest hideout where it has been sleeping all day.

Slowly, it makes its way to the family toilet – a group of trees some distance away. Despite purposely avoiding each other, the family all use the same latrine, leaving urine-soaked messages to each other. Just like people scrawling on a toilet cubicle wall, they tell their kin they are still nearby and warn off rivals.

Ironically, white-footed sportive lemurs aren't that sporty. The leafy diet and low metabolism of sportive lemurs make them some of the laziest primates in the world.

Though the lemurs share their territory with their mates and children, they don't actually want to see or spend time with them, going to great lengths to avoid doing so. They refuse to partake in the grooming rituals typical of other primates, and don't take kindly to sharing their tree hideouts with others. But by sharing their toilet, the lemurs are able to check in with each other without the hassle of actual physical contact.

A chemical message


Iris Dröscher of the German Primate Centre in Göttingen spent more than 1000 hours watching the toilet habits of 14 adult sportive lemurs. "What I found was that individuals of the family group went to the same places to defecate and urinate at different times in the night," she says. "The chemical traces in the urine are unique for each lemur, so by leaving scent marks the lemurs can interact and bond with their family without meeting them."

They also used the toilet trees to warn off potential rivals. Whenever they sensed an unwelcome male intruder, lemurs would visit their latrines much more often, using specialised glands to mark the trees with their scent. The strong-smelling chemicals warn off any male lemurs that may be hoping to chance their luck with a territory grab or a sneaky mating with a female.

"Scent marks inform an intruder that there is a resident male that is willing and able to defend his partner," says Dröscher.

Zoologger: Shy lemurs communicate using toilet trees Zoologger is our weekly column highlighting extraordinary animals – and occasionally other organisms – from around the world Species: White-footed sportive lemur (Lepilemur leucopus) Habitat: The forest canopies of southern Madagascar It might be bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, but the white-footed sportive lemur waits until night is approaching before it creeps down from the forest hideout where it has been sleeping all day. Slowly, it makes its way to the family toilet – a group of trees some distance away. Despite purposely avoiding each other, the family all use the same latrine, leaving urine-soaked messages to each other. Just like people scrawling on a toilet cubicle wall, they tell their kin they are still nearby and warn off rivals. Ironically, white-footed sportive lemurs aren't that sporty. The leafy diet and low metabolism of sportive lemurs make them some of the laziest primates in the world. Though the lemurs share their territory with their mates and children, they don't actually want to see or spend time with them, going to great lengths to avoid doing so. They refuse to partake in the grooming rituals typical of other primates, and don't take kindly to sharing their tree hideouts with others. But by sharing their toilet, the lemurs are able to check in with each other without the hassle of actual physical contact. A chemical message Iris Dröscher of the German Primate Centre in Göttingen spent more than 1000 hours watching the toilet habits of 14 adult sportive lemurs. "What I found was that individuals of the family group went to the same places to defecate and urinate at different times in the night," she says. "The chemical traces in the urine are unique for each lemur, so by leaving scent marks the lemurs can interact and bond with their family without meeting them." They also used the toilet trees to warn off potential rivals. Whenever they sensed an unwelcome male intruder, lemurs would visit their latrines much more often, using specialised glands to mark the trees with their scent. The strong-smelling chemicals warn off any male lemurs that may be hoping to chance their luck with a territory grab or a sneaky mating with a female. "Scent marks inform an intruder that there is a resident male that is willing and able to defend his partner," says Dröscher.

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Japan’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Standard & Poor’s in January. The rating agency lowered Japan to “AA-,” citing Tokyo’s lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with its soaring debt, which now stands at 200% of GDP. For perspective consider that the American federal debt, which is high enough to prompt a government-paralyzing standoff between Congress and the White House, is less than half of that percentage. Yes, Japan owes a lot of money, and the bond ratings agencies are finally starting to question whether it will be repaid.